Theories of intelligence - results (GDP)

19 июня 2010 г. в 04:02

The book "Introduction to psychology". Authors - R. L. Atkinson, R. C. Atkinson, E. E. Smith, D. J. BEM, S. Nolen-Hoeksema. Under the General editorship of V. P. Zinchenko. 15th international edition, Saint Petersburg, Prime-euroznak, 2007. Article from Chapter 12. Individual differences

The four theories of intelligence discussed in this section differ in several ways.

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence см.→ Gardner tries to explain the wide variety of adult roles found in different cultures. He believes that such diversity cannot be explained by the existence of a basic universal intellectual capacity, and suggests that there are at least seven different manifestations of intelligence present in various combinations in each individual. According to Gardner, intelligence is the ability to solve problems or create products that have value in a particular culture. According to this view, a Polynesian Navigator who has developed skills of orientation by the stars, a figure skater who successfully performs the triple "Axel", or a charismatic leader who attracts crowds of followers, is no less "intelligent" than a scientist, mathematician or engineer.

Anderson's theory of intelligence and cognitive development см.→ Anderson's theory attempts to explain various aspects of intelligence — not only individual differences, but also the growth of cognitive abilities in the course of individual development, as well as the existence of specific abilities, or universal abilities that do not differ from one individual to another, such as the ability to see objects in three dimensions. To explain these aspects of intelligence, Anderson suggests the existence of a basic processing mechanism equivalent to Spearman's General intelligence, or factor d, along with specific processors responsible for propositional thinking, as well as visual and spatial functioning. The existence of universal abilities is explained by the concept of "modules", the functioning of which is determined by the degree of maturation.

Sternberg's triarchic theory см.→ Sternberg's triarchic theory is based on the view that earlier theories of intelligence are not erroneous, but only incomplete. This theory consists of three subtheory: component subtheory considering the mechanisms of information processing; experimental (experientially) of subtheories that takes into account individual experience in solving problems or being in certain situations; contextual subtheory considering the relationship between external environment and individual intelligence.

Bioecological theory of Ceci см.→ The bioecological theory of Ceci is a development of Sternberg's theory and explores the role of context at a deeper level. Rejecting the idea of a single General intellectual ability to solve abstract problems, Ceci believes that the basis of intelligence is multiple cognitive potentials. These potentials are biologically determined, but the degree of their manifestation is determined by the knowledge accumulated by the individual in a particular area. Thus, according to Ceci, knowledge is one of the most important factors of intelligence.

Despite these differences, all theories of intelligence have a number of common features. All of them try to take into account the biological basis of intelligence, whether it is a basic processing mechanism or a set of multiple intellectual abilities, modules, or cognitive potentials. In addition, three of these theories emphasize the role of the context in which the individual functions, i.e., environmental factors that influence intelligence. Thus, the development of the theory of intelligence involves further study of complex interactions between biological and environmental factors, which are at the center of modern psychological research.

How accurately do intelligence tests reflect intelligence?

SAT and GRE test results are accurate indicators of intelligence

​​How can you know that two types of measurement point to the same thing? You calculate a statistical metric called correlation (which varies from 0 to 1.0), and the higher the correlation, the more similar these types of measurements are. Tests of aptitude, achievement, intelligence, and cognitive ability correlate so highly with each other that many experts believe that these tests are all actually the same см.→

Why IQ, SAT, and GRE don't measure overall intelligence

Thousands of "validity" studies show that General intelligence tests predict a wide range of different behaviors, although not perfectly, but better than any other method known to us. First-year students ' grades are predicted by IQ scores slightly better than the grades or characteristics obtained by students in high school. Students ' grades in their first year of graduate school are also better predicted by IQ scores than by grades and characteristics obtained at University. But the accuracy of predictions based on IQ (or SAT or GRE) is limited, and many candidates ' scores will differ from what is expected. Test makers argue that even limited predictability can help school enrollment officials make better decisions than without using tests (Hunt, 1995) см.→

Комментарии (0):